A Canticle For Leibowitz essays

A Canticle For Leibowitz papers Walter M. Mill operator depicts a thought of how he figures innovation will influence society numerous years later. This isn't really how we figure innovation will influence society. The job innovation has on human presence and the outcome that change has on mankind are illustrated and created all through the three separate pieces of the novel: Fiat Homo, Fiat Lux and Fiat Voluntas Tua A Canticle for Leibowitz. is set numerous years later, after the decimation of the Nuclear Holocaust and the Flame Deluge. The Holocaust has devastated any innovation known to man and constrained society to begin once again. The overcomers of the holocaust free society of any insight including specialists, researchers, and any who are taught. The survivors do this since they feel undermined by the information individuals have and become dolts. They likewise observe the informed as the reason for the holocaust in the in front of the pack, they feel that since researchers imagined atomic weapons, its their shortcoming they were utilized to crush the world. In the start of the novel the researchers utilize the church as a position of solace and intelligence. The priests translate all the remaining parts of the book print, into lit up original copies. These lit up original copies are basic to society since they are the main wellspring of information from an earlier time and can be utilized to anticipate what the future will hold. There are numerous subjects introduced in the initial segment of the novel that are created all through the novel; innovations job on human presence and the outcomes that change has on mankind. Almost 600 years after the fact is the point at which the second piece of the novel, Fiat Lux, happens. Mill operator shows how charming the intensity of innovation has become to society. It likewise appears the numerous results that the progression of innovation can cause. A character in ... <!

Agri Sba: Cabbage Production Essay

Cabbage develops best in cool climate, however certain cultivars are additionally adjusted for the hotter months. In the cooler zones of the nation, where ice for the most part happens early or late in the season, Glory of Enkhuizen, Kiaps Spits, Green Coronet and Gloria can be planted from January to March, and Green Star and Bonanza, from August to January. In the hotter territories of the nation, where practically zero ice happens, Glory of Enkhuizen, Kiaps Spits, Green Coronet and Gloria can be planted from March to May, and Green Star and Bonanza, from January to December. Cabbage develops best when plantlets are developed and afterward planted out. You can develop your own plants or get them from a nursery. Recollect that cabbage plantlets can't be planted out before the age of five to about a month and a half. In the event that you need to plant out toward the start of February, for example, you should as of now sow the seed in December. Cabbage will develop well on most all around depleted soil types. That implies that water must not lay on the ground surface too long after the plants have been watered. Where this is the situation, manure must be dove into the dirt. Shallow soils on a hard rough, clayey or lime layer, must be kept away from. Cabbage takes up many plant supplements from the dirt. We put plant supplements into the dirt by delving manure and compost into it. A lot of natural plant food, for example, fertilizer and excrement is important for the plant. At the point when the bed is burrowed more than, 4 kg of fertilizer or excrement per square meter (m2) of ground can be dove into the dirt. Coincidentally, 1 m2 rises to the size of a square meter, the sides of which comprise of spades. Fertilizer and excrement don't, in any case, furnish the cabbage plant with enough plant supplements. It likewise requires nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). It is most significant first to investigations the dirt to decide its supplement content. Keep in mind: an over the top measure of supplements will consume the plants and a too limited quantity will bring about poor development. In the event that a dirt examination has not yet been done, the accompanying amounts of compost might be applied: At planting: 75 g of 2:3:2 (30) per m2. These plant supplements are a blend of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This implies three plant supplements are given to the plant all the while. These supplements must be dove into the dirt well, before planting. A month in the wake of planting: 25 g of ammonium sulfate per m2, or 20 g of limestone ammonium nitrate (LAN) per m2. When the plants start to shape heads, the accompanying can be applied: 25 g of ammonium sulfate per m2, or 20 g of limestone ammonium nitrate (LAN) per m2. Take care not to let the plant supplements contact the plants as this can consume the stems. Water the plants as quickly as time permits subsequent to having treated them, with the goal that the supplements can disintegrate and be washed into the dirt. Before the plantlets are planted, the dirt must be burrowed over, hunks, stones and weeds must be expelled, and the dirt must be leveled. The cabbage plantlets are planted in columns. In-push dispersing must be around 40 cm and between-push dividing must be 60 cm. The dirt wherein the plants were become must be wet when the plants are taken out to be replanted. They should be lifted cautiously out of the ground with the goal that the roots are not harmed. Pick short, durable, sound plants to plant out. After they have been taken out, they should be secured with a clammy fabric or hessian until they are planted. They should ideally be planted on cool, overcast days or late toward the evening. The plantlets must be planted in soggy soil which is then immovably pushed down around the plant. After the plantlets have been planted, they should be watered at the earliest opportunity. A mulch of grass clippings, dry leaves or straw between the plants forestalls dissipation of soil dampness and furthermore smothers weed development. On the off chance that the dirt is permitted to turn out to be excessively dry, and it is then watered, it might happen that the cabbage heads burst open. In cool climate, cabbage can be watered once every week; in sweltering climate, a few times each week. Cabbage can be collected when all around grew hard heads have shaped. There are at any rate four sorts of creepy crawlies that harm cabbages during the developing season. They are: * the American bollworm, * aphids, * the diamondback moth, and * The burst bug. The American bollworm and the diamondback moth eat gaps in the cabbage leaves. Aphids suck out the sap of the plant and the leaves turn yellow and become deformed. The burst bug likewise eats the leaves and causes incredible harm. Land planning Preceding planting, the dirt should be readied, normally by some type of culturing or synthetic â€Å"burn-down† to execute the weeds in the seedbed that would swarm out the yield or contend with it for water and supplements. Culturing techniques can be partitioned into three significant classifications, contingent upon the measure of yield buildup they leave on a superficial level. Buildup eases back the progression of run off that can uproot and divert soil particles. * Conventional culturing †Until the most recent decade or so the standard culturing practice for corn was utilization of the moldboard furrow for essential culturing followed by a few auxiliary tillage’s and mechanical development after the yield was up. * Reduced culturing is typically finished with an etch furrow and leaves 15% to 30% buildup inclusion on the dirt. * Conservation culturing leaves in any event 30% buildup inclusion on the dirt. Protection culturing techniques incorporate no-till, w here no culturing is done at all and seeds are put straightforwardly into the past season’s crop buildup; strip-till, in which just the limited portion of land required for the harvest push is worked; edge till; and mulch till. Soils †Cabbage develops well on a wide assortment of soils, yet a very much depleted sandy topsoil with high natural issue content is liked. Maintain a strategic distance from soils that dry quickly. Herbicides are utilized in every one of these techniques to execute weeds. A typical legend is that more herbicide is utilized with preservation culturing strategies, yet in truth ranchers depend on herbicides for weed control under all culturing frameworks, and the sum utilized is pretty much autonomous of culturing technique. Effects of soil disintegration Soil disintegration has both on-ranch impacts (decrease in yield and homestead pay) and off-ranch impacts (sullied water because of the silt and related pollution from supplements and pesticides carried on the dirt molecule). On-ranch impacts because of the loss of soil and supplements include: * lower richness levels * advancement of rills and ravines in the field * more unfortunate harvest yields * less water penetration into the dirt At the point when rich topsoil is lost, supplements and natural issue required by crops frequently are expelled alongside it. Disintegration will in general expel the less thick soil constituents, for example, natural issue, muds, and sediments, which are regularly the most rich piece of the dirt. Soil planning All brassica crops develop best in incomplete shade, in firm, prolific, free-depleting soil. * Start diving over your dirt in harvest time, expelling any stones you find and working in a lot of very much spoiled excrement or manure. * Tread on the dirt to evacuate any air pockets and make the surface firm. * Brassicas will fizzle if the dirt is excessively acidic so add lime to the dirt if vital, focusing on a pH of 6.5-7.5. Water system Because of their enormous leaf territory, cabbage requires at any rate a 25 cm (1 inch) of water every week to support great development. Over the top watering late in the season can cause head-parting. Lopsided soil dampness can cause vacillations in the take-up of supplements and lead to tip consume or head-parting. Soil ought to be kept at 60 to 70 percent field ability to guarantee great yields and head quality. The way that cabbage is a cool season crop demonstrates that it reacts well to bring down temperatures with sufficient measures of precipitation. Cabbage additionally requires all around depleted soil. Soil that isn't very much depleted ought to either have seepage tiles introduced or have some natural issue added to it to improve soil air circulation. Seeding Direct-seeded cabbage is normally planted in ahead of schedule to mid-May. Direct-seeded cabbages are planted 5 to 8 cm (2 to 3 inches) separated (1.1 kg/ha or 1 lbs. /air conditioning) and diminished later. Coming up next are seeding rates for transplanted cabbage: Early: * in-push dividing †25 to 46 cm separated (10 to 18 inches) separated * between-push dividing †0.76 m (2.5 feet) separated Mid-season: * in-push dividing †30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 inches) separated * between-push dividing †0.7 to 0.9 m (2  ½ to 3 feet) separated Late-season: * in-push dividing †46 to 61 cm (18 to 24 inches) separated * between-push dividing †0.7 to 0.9 m (2  ½ to 3 feet) separated Row dispersing will be subject to your culturing, planting and collecting hardware. Many cabbage producers in Saskatchewan use transplants to diminish seed costs, quicken crop improvement, increment yields, beat issues with cruciferous bug creepy crawlies crushing rising seedlings, dispense with costs related with diminishing the direct-seeded harvest and maintain a strategic distance from soil crusting issues in dirt soils. In warm, dry springs bug scarab populaces are sufficiently high that bug insects are now present on the yield as it develops. Harm at development harms the developing tip, causing shooting, distorted heads or passing. Cultivators who transplant have the choice of planting and afterward following behind with a bug spray treatment to execute the insect creepy crawlies before any harm can happen. The equivalent can and is accomplished for direct-seeded cabbage, however the producer must be progressively careful and intently watch for seedling development. They would then be able to make a go with a bug spray. A seed push treatment, for example, Di-Syston 15 G, can be applied during planting to control cruciferous insect scarabs. Seed Treatment Seed costs for cabbage have expanded in the course of the most recent 10 years, essentially due to the move to half breed types. Due to the seed’s higher worth, it is ideal to treat it with a fungicide, for example, Thiram 75WP, to forestall seedling scourge, damping off and seed rot. Boiling water treatment of the s

ICIC

ICIC With two weeks left until Bike and Build (donate donate donate!) I decided it was time to bring my casual bike ride form of training to the next level by joining the MIT Cycling Club for one of the Best Ideas Ever Intercollegiate Ice Cream (ICIC) Rides. Basically, some kids with bikes from Harvard and MIT meet up on Thursdays for a nice bike ride to a new ice cream place around Boston. Did you HEAR that?! Ice cream, biking AND inter-collegiate-ness. If thats not the best idea ever, I dont know what is. Its meant to be an easy, social ride, which was good for me because it was my first time riding in a group, and Im still a pretty novice cycler. About halfway through, I was kind of tired and really looking forward to that ice cream. A bit afterwards, I began to realize we had gone pretty far and had passed several perfectly respectable-looking ice cream shops already. Hmmm Several miles later, I began to wonder if there really *was* any ice cream, or if this was some cruel joke by the MIT and Harvard Cycling clubs. Then there was this huge hill oh man, it lasted forever! I just had to keep going higher and higher and higher. I must have been going half a mile an hour to get up it. Ive never biked up a hill like that. Halfway through, I was thoroughly convinced there was no ice cream and wondered what I had gotten myself into, but I kept going because I really had no choice I had no idea where I was. I finally reached the top and- man, that felt good. The small part of my soul that hadnt lost hope about the ice cream half-expected the ice cream to be at the top of this mountain, because, well, we surely wouldnt keep *going* would we? But we did. Luckily and quite literally it was all downhill from there. We passed one of those machines that tell you your speed on the road about halfway down, and whizzing by, I clocked a speed of 24mph. Going that fast was a such a great feeling Im really excited about this summer! Not long after and much to my surprise, we actually did end up at an ice cream place- The Chilly Cow- and I had one of the most deliciously rewarding smoothies ever. The ride back was surprisingly only five miles (for a total of 18 miles). We didnt have to go up the Hill of Death again, but if we had, I think I would have been okay. I hope you are all enjoying your summer days as much as I am, and if youre not, go biking and get some sun and ice cream. =)

Social Change Essay - 1040 Words

Social change is broadly defined as the transformation of cultural, economic, political and social institutions and relationships over time. Sociologists are interested in identifying how change is initiated, for what or whose purposes and with what consequences. While some aspects of social change create positive results for example democracy and human rights expanded in the aftermath of the American and French revolutions many have unintended consequences the expanded availability of communications technology blurs conventional boundaries between home and work. In fact, not all social groups view and respond to social change as positive. While social change might seem inevitable from a contemporary perspective, its causes and pace vary†¦show more content†¦Industrialization brought with it new living arrangements the growth of cities and population growth; intellectual and cultural change through the spread of ideas about democracy and equality via new media, such as penn y news sheets and increasing secularism as scientific thought challenged religious beliefs. Sociologists drew on and adapted scientific method and created models of social change to explain this broad transformation from simple homogenous societies to complex highly differentiated societies, broadly understood as modernization. In contrast to feudal societies, which remained static for a long period, or which were seen to change in cyclical ways, to be modern is to live with social change and in an environment in which all that is solid melts into air†. However, classical sociologists and social commentators have differed in their explanations for change and in their view of its consequences. First, late eighteenth century Enlightenment thinkers, such as David Hume and Adam Ferguson, argued that scientific reason would stimulate social change for the moral advancement of society. Concomitantly, social change became synonymous with the idea of social progress. Second,Show MoreRelated Entrepreneurship for Social Change Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesEntrepreneurship for social change: Is the U.S. doing enough to encourage and support sustainable social innovation? Introduction: Throughout U.S. history the nonprofit and government sectors have addressed needs that are not being met by the marketplace through the provision of a variety of social goods and services ranging from health and human services to environmental conservation. 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Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) Infection

Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is the small period of time after a person has been exposed to HIV and before they have seroconverted. Seroconversion is the process in which the body starts to create antibodies to fight the HIV virus (Pietrangelo, 2013). During this period of time, which is usually a few days, the virus replicates rapidly. The rapid replication results in extremely high amounts of HIV in the blood because the body has not had time to respond to the infection. As the viral load increases more CD4 white cells are destroyed. CD4 cells are a responsible in protecting the body from infection. When these cells are destroyed they no longer are able to adequately activate the body s immune system. (AIDS.GOV).†¦show more content†¦Signs/symptoms of Acute HIV Infection Including HP Not all patients with HIV will have signs or symptoms during the acute infection phase. If a patient is having symptoms they can often times think that they have the flu. Acute HIV infection symptoms can show up 2-4 weeks after exposure and last from a few days to several weeks (Cherney, 2014). If they are exhibiting symptoms they may present as having a fever, swollen lymph nodes, skin rashes, myalgia, diarrhea, oral ulcers or thrush, and fatigue. Lab results may also show leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or an elevation in transaminase (DHHS, 2015). Differential diagnoses include the flu or Epstein- Barr Virus since these also present with similar symptoms. A thorough health history must be taken with patients before an exam in order to identify risk behavior. Important things to ask about are sexual history, partners and possible exposures, any drug use (especially intravenously), and any current STI’s (HRSA, 2014). Upon physical exam things to look for or may see with an acute HIV infection would be ecchymosis, purpura, petechiae, Kaposi sarcoma, lymphadenopathy, oral candidiasis, or hepatosplenomegaly (Aberg et al., 2014). Cultural Implications The numbers of new HIV infections per year has remained relatively the same since the 1990’s (CDC, 2015). Out of

The English Patient Free Essays

Max Cembalest SYA English, 6th Period March 7th, 2013 The Villa is Alive, But the Sand is Forever Barren. Lifeless. Considered one of the most hostile environments on the planet, the Sahara Desert takes away all meaning and identity and covers it with sand. We will write a custom essay sample on The English Patient or any similar topic only for you Order Now Amalsy, the so-called English Patient and one of the central characters of our story, thrusts himself into this empty land to dispose of the idea of nations. In this way the desert is an escape; a common void for those who wish to cede into the past rather than survive in the present. Lush. Alive. Arguably the nation with the richest history in the world, the Italian countryside encompasses a feeling of togetherness that brings our four main characters together. The villa they live in recovering from the atrocities of world war two not only gives them space to heal, but also itself exhibits the characteristics of healing through nature. In this way the villa exists among our four protagonists, and is one of the fragmented victims of war along with them. Michael Ondaatje, author of our novel The English Patient, focuses most of our front story in the Italian villa. Holes line the inner and outer walls, creating voids in the frescoes of outdoor landscapes. At first glance, war has reduced it to a fraction of its former grace and beauty. â€Å"The Villa San Girolamo, built to protect inhabitants from the flesh of the devil, had the look of a besieged fortress, the limbs of most of the statues blown off during the first days of shelling. † But as is a representative of a war victim healing with time, we see how nature slowly replaces the man made structures, eventually causing the villa to fade into the land. There seemed little demarcation between house and landscape, between damaged building and the burned and shelled remnants of the earth. To Hana the wild gardens were further rooms†¦ In spite of the burned earth, in spite of the lack of water. someday there would be a bower of limes, rooms of green light,† (p. 45). Ondaatje uses this beautiful image of a broken, fragmented house being consumed and reborn anew to show the proc ess of healing from war. The villa represents the hope Hana sees in the future; that even though everything is here life is burned, broken, and dead, someday she will recover just as the villa has. Then there is the desert. Despite being just across the Mediterranean, the Sahara Desert could not be more of a different environment then the countryside surrounding the Italian villa. It is arid, harsh, unforgiving. But even with the physical difference between the desert and Italy, the greater contrast lies in the history of each place. Italy, for thousands of years, has been owned and claimed over and over, by the Estrucans, Greeks, Romans, Barbarians, and Italians. But the desert belongs to no one, no single nation. All boundaries, all sense of difference between people that exists solely because of nations get swept away by oceans of sand. It is this aspect of the desert that draws Amalsy in. As he narrates to Hana, he says, â€Å"The desert could not be claimed or owned—it was a piece of cloth carried by winds, never held down by stones, and given a hundred shifting names before Canterbury existed, long before battles and treaties quilted Europe and the East†¦. All of us, even those with European homes and children in the distance, wished to remove the clothing of our countries. It was a place of faith. We disappeared into landscape,† (p. 147-148). Amalsy praises the desert for being sovereign, just as he himself strives to remain neutral and uninvolved during the chaos of World War II. The desert endures for centuries unharmed by human squabbling, since it is never contained or ‘held down by stones’. Amalsy flees to the desert to escape the ruthlessness of reality and to connect with the past contained in his books. Instead of a place of healing, for Amalsy the desert is a denial of the real world entirely. He is able to purge himself of his past life and leap into a new world in which the past and the present are no different. He steps in the same sand, traverses the same dune, embraces the very same realm that Herodotus so admired. In this environment, Amalsy and the other explorers can deny the war and remove the notion that one’s nation has any significance. The desert is stagnant. Any and all attempts to claim ownership are swiftly swept aside. The endurance represents the foolishness of war, how nothing that happens between nations has any meaning there. But Italy is change. It is life, death, and then rebirth. Italy is hugely affected by the war, but we see the recovery of its wounds and hope for the future. Each of these settings in The English Patient is a way for Ondaatje to communicate to us the drastic toll of war on our characters and the different way each person handles themselves. Hana remains in the thick of the war and is shattered by grief, but come the end of the novel we see the beginning of recovery and the hope for a happier life. Amalsy, however, escapes entirely in the hopes of avoiding the war and the pointless differences among nations. Even up to his death his mind is still among the sand. How to cite The English Patient, Papers The English Patient Free Essays Max Cembalest SYA English, 6th Period March 7th, 2013 The Villa is Alive, But the Sand is Forever Barren. Lifeless. Considered one of the most hostile environments on the planet, the Sahara Desert takes away all meaning and identity and covers it with sand. We will write a custom essay sample on The English Patient or any similar topic only for you Order Now Amalsy, the so-called English Patient and one of the central characters of our story, thrusts himself into this empty land to dispose of the idea of nations. In this way the desert is an escape; a common void for those who wish to cede into the past rather than survive in the present. Lush. Alive. Arguably the nation with the richest history in the world, the Italian countryside encompasses a feeling of togetherness that brings our four main characters together. The villa they live in recovering from the atrocities of world war two not only gives them space to heal, but also itself exhibits the characteristics of healing through nature. In this way the villa exists among our four protagonists, and is one of the fragmented victims of war along with them. Michael Ondaatje, author of our novel The English Patient, focuses most of our front story in the Italian villa. Holes line the inner and outer walls, creating voids in the frescoes of outdoor landscapes. At first glance, war has reduced it to a fraction of its former grace and beauty. â€Å"The Villa San Girolamo, built to protect inhabitants from the flesh of the devil, had the look of a besieged fortress, the limbs of most of the statues blown off during the first days of shelling. † But as is a representative of a war victim healing with time, we see how nature slowly replaces the man made structures, eventually causing the villa to fade into the land. There seemed little demarcation between house and landscape, between damaged building and the burned and shelled remnants of the earth. To Hana the wild gardens were further rooms†¦ In spite of the burned earth, in spite of the lack of water. someday there would be a bower of limes, rooms of green light,† (p. 45). Ondaatje uses this beautiful image of a broken, fragmented house being consumed and reborn anew to show the proc ess of healing from war. The villa represents the hope Hana sees in the future; that even though everything is here life is burned, broken, and dead, someday she will recover just as the villa has. Then there is the desert. Despite being just across the Mediterranean, the Sahara Desert could not be more of a different environment then the countryside surrounding the Italian villa. It is arid, harsh, unforgiving. But even with the physical difference between the desert and Italy, the greater contrast lies in the history of each place. Italy, for thousands of years, has been owned and claimed over and over, by the Estrucans, Greeks, Romans, Barbarians, and Italians. But the desert belongs to no one, no single nation. All boundaries, all sense of difference between people that exists solely because of nations get swept away by oceans of sand. It is this aspect of the desert that draws Amalsy in. As he narrates to Hana, he says, â€Å"The desert could not be claimed or owned—it was a piece of cloth carried by winds, never held down by stones, and given a hundred shifting names before Canterbury existed, long before battles and treaties quilted Europe and the East†¦. All of us, even those with European homes and children in the distance, wished to remove the clothing of our countries. It was a place of faith. We disappeared into landscape,† (p. 147-148). Amalsy praises the desert for being sovereign, just as he himself strives to remain neutral and uninvolved during the chaos of World War II. The desert endures for centuries unharmed by human squabbling, since it is never contained or ‘held down by stones’. Amalsy flees to the desert to escape the ruthlessness of reality and to connect with the past contained in his books. Instead of a place of healing, for Amalsy the desert is a denial of the real world entirely. He is able to purge himself of his past life and leap into a new world in which the past and the present are no different. He steps in the same sand, traverses the same dune, embraces the very same realm that Herodotus so admired. In this environment, Amalsy and the other explorers can deny the war and remove the notion that one’s nation has any significance. The desert is stagnant. Any and all attempts to claim ownership are swiftly swept aside. The endurance represents the foolishness of war, how nothing that happens between nations has any meaning there. But Italy is change. It is life, death, and then rebirth. Italy is hugely affected by the war, but we see the recovery of its wounds and hope for the future. Each of these settings in The English Patient is a way for Ondaatje to communicate to us the drastic toll of war on our characters and the different way each person handles themselves. Hana remains in the thick of the war and is shattered by grief, but come the end of the novel we see the beginning of recovery and the hope for a happier life. Amalsy, however, escapes entirely in the hopes of avoiding the war and the pointless differences among nations. Even up to his death his mind is still among the sand. How to cite The English Patient, Essay examples

Vitamins Essays - B Vitamins, Nutrition, Coenzymes, Alcohols

Vitamins Vitamin, any of the organic compounds required by the body in small amounts for metabolism, to protect health, and for proper growth in children. Vitamins also assist in the formation of hormones, blood cells, nervous-system chemicals, and genetic material. The various vitamins are not chemically related, and most differ in their physiological actions. They generally act as catalysts, combining with proteins to create metabolically active enzymes that in turn produce hundreds of important chemical reactions throughout the body. Without vitamins, many of these reactions would slow down or cease. The intricate ways in which vitamins act on the body, however, are still far from clear. The 13 well-identified vitamins are classified according to their ability to be absorbed in fat or water. The fat-soluble vitamins-A, D, E, and K-are generally consumed along with fat-containing foods, and because they can be stored in the body's fat, they do not have to be consumed every day. The water-soluble vitamins-the eight B vitamins and vitamin C-cannot be stored and must be consumed frequently, preferably every day (with the exception of some B vitamins, as noted below). The body can manufacture only vitamin D; all others must be derived from the diet. Lack of them causes a wide range of metabolic and other dysfunctions. In the U.S., since 1940, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council has published recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Expressed in milligrams or international units (IU) for adults and children of normal health, these recommendations are useful guidelines not only for professionals in nutrition but also for the growing number of families and individuals who eat irregular meals and rely on prepared foods, many of which are now required to carry nutritional labeling. A well-balanced diet contains all the necessary vitamins, and most individuals who follow such a diet can correct any previous vitamin deficiencies. However, persons who are on special diets, who are suffering from intestinal disorders that prevent normal absorption of nutrients, or who are pregnant or lactating may need particular vitamin supplements to bolster their metabolism. Beyond such real needs, vitamin supplements are also often popularly believed to offer cures for many diseases, from colds to cancer; but in fact the body quickly eliminates most of these preparations without absorbing them. In addition, the fat-soluble vitamins can block the effect of other vitamins and even cause severe poisoning when taken in excess. Vitamin A Vitamin A is a pale yellow primary alcohol derived from carotene. It affects the formation and maintenance of skin, mucous membranes, bones, and teeth; vision; and reproduction. An early deficiency symptom is night blindness (difficulty in adapting to darkness); other symptoms are excessive skin dryness; lack of mucous membrane secretion, causing susceptibility to bacterial invasion; and dryness of the eyes due to a malfunctioning of the tear glands, a major cause of blindness in children in developing countries. The body obtains vitamin A in two ways. One is by manufacturing it from carotene, a vitamin precursor found in such vegetables as carrots, broccoli, squash, spinach, kale, and sweet potatoes. The other is by absorbing ready-made vitamin A from plant-eating organisms. In animal form, vitamin A is found in milk, butter, cheese, egg yolk, liver, and fish-liver oil. Although one-third of American children are believed to consume less than the recommended allowance of vitamin A, sufficient amounts can be obtained in a normally balanced diet rather than through supplements. Excess vitamin A can interfere with growth, stop menstruation, damage red blood corpuscles, and cause skin rashes, headaches, nausea, and jaundice. The B Vitamins Known also as vitamin B complex, these are fragile, water-soluble substances, several of which are particularly important to carbohydrate metabolism. B1 Thiamine, or vitamin B1, a colorless, crystalline substance, acts as a catalyst in carbohydrate metabolism, enabling pyruvic acid to be absorbed and carbohydrates to release their energy. Thiamine also plays a role in the synthesis of nerve-regulating substances. Deficiency in thiamine causes beriberi, which is characterized by muscular weakness, swelling of the heart, and leg cramps and may, in severe cases, lead to heart failure and death. Many foods contain thiamine, but few supply it in concentrated amounts. Foods richest in thiamine are pork, organ meats (liver, heart, and kidney),